Intelligent transportation system using wireless sensors networks

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks are a network of small or large, dedicated sensors designed for particular and specialized purposes. These purposes can range from monitoring environmental behavior like temperature, pressure change, etc., to monitoring man-made physical objects and activities like vehicle speed, sound, density in a region, etc. Sensor networks have a vast application in fields that includes environmental monitoring, natural or artificial object tracking, fire and water detection, natural calamity detection, and traffic monitoring. These groups of sensors and actuators collect information and data for the purpose they have been designed for and then send all the information to a central location for processing or general storage in databases for future use. Based on the topologies of the networks and routing protocols, a particular sensor network can be classified as hierarchical-based routing, location-based routing, and flat-based routing. These protocols are very simple and thus are very prone to attacks like Selective forwarding, HELLO flood attack, Sinkhole attack, Sybil attack, Wormholes, replaying routing information, and Acknowledgement spoofing or altering. Also, since one of the properties of these sensors is limited power, the wireless sensor networks consisting of such sensors generally face power shortages or outages altogether. Wireless Sensors that are small and limited battery capacity are widely used for several different applications. For this reason, energy efficiency, as well as the cost of the overall network, are the two main factors influencing the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) performance. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is an energy-efficient hierarchical-based routing protocol. The prime focus of this thesis is to analyze various existing LEACH protocols and to propose a new LEACH Protocol to resolve some of the issues mentioned above related to wireless sensor networks. This thesis presents an optimized cluster head selection mechanism protocol based on a weighted centroid approach. It is a clustering-based routing protocol that minimizes total energy consumption. Our LEACH-WC protocol algorithm outperforms other LEACH protocol algorithms by making nodes offer themselves candidates for high-energy cluster-heads and adapting the corresponding clusters based on the nodes that choose to be cluster-heads at a given time. We have also discussed an exciting, combined cost and energy wastage minimization problem, and an interesting solution is proposed. Along with the improvement in the existing LEACH protocol, we have also discussed an Along with the improvement in the existing LEACH protocol, we have also discussed an approach that indexes the physical location of various entities across the globe. In the future, combining this improvement in LEACH protocol with the proposed indexing system approach and their application may result in an even better and more intelligent transportation system using wireless sensors network.